Prevalence and Genetic Characterisation of Human Sapovirus from Children with Diarrhoea in the Rural Areas of Vhembe District, South Africa, 2017-2020.

Mpho Magwalivha,Jean-Pierre Kabue Ngandu,Natasha Potgieter,Afsatou Ndama Traore

doi:10.3390/v13030393

Abstract

Diarrhoeal disease is considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing areas, and a large contributor to the burden of disease in children younger than five years of age. This study investigated the prevalence and genogroups of human sapovirus (SV) in children ≤5 years of age in rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa. Between 2017 and 2020, a total of 284 stool samples were collected from children suffering with diarrhoea (n = 228) and from children without diarrhoea (n = 56). RNA extraction using Boom extraction method, and screening for SV using real-time PCR were done in the lab. Positive samples were subjected to conventional RT-PCR targeting the capsid fragment. Positive sample isolates were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. Overall SV were detected in 14.1% (40/284) of the stool samples (16.7% (38/228) of diarrhoeal and 3.6% (2/56) of non-diarrhoeal samples). Significant correlation between SV positive cases and water sources was noted. Genogroup-I was identified as the most prevalent strain comprising 81.3% (13/16), followed by SV-GII 12.5% (2/16) and SV-GIV 6.2% (1/16). This study provides valuable data on prevalence of SV amongst outpatients in rural and underdeveloped communities, and highlights the necessity for further monitoring of SV circulating strains as potential emerging strains.

Highlights

Diarrhoeal diseases are recognized as the third leading cause of death among children under five years of age in South Africa (SA) [1,2]
Viral infections may present from asymptomatic to relatively mild diarrhoea with a headache and fever, to severe watery diarrhoea accompanied with abdominal cramps [5]
This study demonstrate a 17.1% (31/181) of SV detection in children less than two years of age presenting with diarrhoea (Table 1), comparable to a study reported in Peru which documented a 12.4% (37/299) SV detection rate among similar cohorts [9]

Summary

Introduction

Diarrhoeal diseases are recognized as the third leading cause of death among children under five years of age in South Africa (SA) [1,2]. Sapovirus is an enteric virus, and is recognized as a public health problem causing acute gastroenteritis in people of all age groups globally, and it causes outbreaks in semi-closed settings, like orphanages and elderly care facilities [6]. The increase of acute gastroenteritis associated with sapovirus (SV) has been reported and recognized as a major public health problem in developing countries [8,9]. A longitudinal study by MAL-ED reported SV as a notable second highest attributable incidence of diarrhoea within the enrolled rural community in South Africa [10]

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