Abstract
Salmonella is frequently found in poultry and represent an important source for human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes in broilers from Ecuador. Caeca content from 388 at random selected broiler batches were collected in 6 slaughterhouses during 1 year and analyzed by the ISO 6579/Amd1 protocol for the isolation for Salmonella. Isolates were serotyped and genotypic variation was acceded by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. MIC values for sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethropim, chloramphenicol, colistin, florfenicol, kanamycin and nalidixic acid were obtained. Presence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCMY; and mcr-1 plasmid genes was investigated in resistant strains to cefotaxime and colistin respectively. Prevalence at batch level was 16.0%. The most common serotype was S. Infantis (83.9%) followed by S. Enteritidis (14.5%) and S. Corvallis (1.6%). The pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that S. Corvallis, S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis isolates belonged to 1, 2 and 12 genotypes respectively. S. Infantis isolates showed high resistance rates to 12 antibiotics ranging from 57.7% (kanamycin) up to 98.1% (nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole). All S. Enteritidis isolates showed resistance to colistin. High multiresistant patterns were found for all the serotypes. The blaCTX-M gene was present in 33 S. Infantis isolates while mcr-1 was negative in 10 colistin resistant isolates. This study provides the first set of scientific data on prevalence and multidrug-resistant Salmonella coming from commercial poultry in Ecuador.
Highlights
Foodborne infections in humans caused by Salmonella are of primary importance around the world
For 2010 it was estimated that foodborne salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella resulted in 6.43 million Disablility-Adjusted Live Years [2]
Salmonellosis is characterized by acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea [3]
Summary
Foodborne infections in humans caused by Salmonella are of primary importance around the world. Majowicz et al [1] estimated that non-typhoidal Salmonella was the cause of 93.8. Salmonella spp. in Ecuadorian Broilers million cases of gastroenteritis, with 155.000 deaths yearly worldwide. For 2010 it was estimated that foodborne salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella resulted in 6.43 million Disablility-Adjusted Live Years [2]. Salmonellosis is characterized by acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea [3]. Salmonellosis is especially important in susceptible groups such as young, elderly and immunocompromised patients [2]. In Ecuador 3373 human cases or 21.6 cases/100,000 inhabitants of foodborne salmonellosis were reported in 2014 [4]
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