Abstract
BackgroundAntenatal depression is more prevalent in low and middle income countries as compared to high income countries. It has now been documented as a global public health problem owing to its severity, chronic nature and recurrence as well as its negative influence on the general health of women and development of children. However, in Ethiopia, there are few studies with highly variable and inconsistent findings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antenatal depression and its determinants among pregnant women in Ethiopia.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we exhaustively searched several databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Cochrane Library. To estimate the pooled prevalence, studies reporting the prevalence of antenatal depression and its determinants were included. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft Excel and transferred to STATA 14 statistical software for analysis. To assess heterogeneity, the Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were used. Since the included studies exhibit considerable heterogeneity, a random effect meta- analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of antenatal depression. Finally, the association between determinant factors and antenatal depression were assessed.ResultsThe overall pooled prevalence of antenatal depression, in Ethiopia, was 24.2% (95% CI: 19.8, 28.6). The subgroup analysis of this study indicated that the highest prevalence was reported from Addis Ababa region with a prevalence of 26.9% (21.9–32.1) whereas the lowest prevalence was reported from Amhara region, 17.25 (95% CI: 6.34, 28.17). Presence of previous history of abortion (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 2.1, 4.4), presence of marital conflict (OR: 7.2; 95% CI: 2.7, 19.0), lack of social support from husband (OR: 3.2: 95% CI: 1.2, 8.9), and previous history of pregnancy complication (OR: 3.2: 95% CI: 1.8, 5.8) were found to be determinants of antenatal depression.ConclusionThe pooled prevalence of antenatal depression, in Ethiopia, was relatively high. Presence of previous history of abortion, presence of marital conflict, lack of social support from husband, presence of previous history of pregnancy complications were the main determinants of antenatal depression in Ethiopia.
Highlights
Antenatal depression is more prevalent in low and middle income countries as compared to high income countries
We considered a variable as a determinant if at least two or more studies reported them as a determinant
Meta-analysis The result of this meta-analysis indicated that the overall pooled prevalence of antenatal depression, in Ethiopia, was 24.2 (Fig. 2)
Summary
Antenatal depression is more prevalent in low and middle income countries as compared to high income countries. It has been documented as a global public health problem owing to its severity, chronic nature and recurrence as well as its negative influence on the general health of women and development of children. Depression is the fourth leading cause of non-fatal diseases burden globally and it accounts about 12% of all total years lived with disability [2]. It has features such as hopelessness, reduced energy, poor thinking, poor concentration, and suicidal attempts during pregnancy, characteristics of antenatal depression [3, 4]. The disease has been contemplated to be a global public health problem because of its severity, recurrence and chronic nature as well as its negative effect on the overall health of women and development of children [9,10,11,12]
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