Prevalence and cost of insomnia in a state Medicaid fee-for-service population based on diagnostic codes and prescription utilization

Abstract

Objectives The aims of this research were to estimate prevalence of insomnia, describe the utilization patterns of physician office services and prescription medications for insomnia, and estimate related costs in a Medicaid population. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive analysis using data from the West Virginia (WV) Medicaid fee-for-service paid claims records for the year 2003 was conducted. Recipients with a diagnosis related to insomnia or a prescription claim for an FDA-approved drug for insomnia or trazodone were selected as the study sample. Costs were from the perspective of WV Medicaid. Results The overall prevalence of insomnia was 74.3 per 1000 recipients. Adults 45–64 years of age, females, and whites had the highest prevalence and office visit rates for insomnia among demographic groups. A majority of dollars spent on insomnia treatment was for prescription drugs. Zolpidem and trazodone accounted for 88% of prescription claims; however, 84% of the total dollars paid for prescriptions was for zolpidem. Conclusions Among the WV Medicaid population, rates of insomnia and office visit use for insomnia varied by demographic groups. There was greater use of zolpidem and trazodone than benzodiazepine drugs. This study provides baseline estimates that can be used for ongoing surveillance of insomnia.