Abstract

ObjectivesDespite successful virological suppression, HIV transcription frequently persists intracellularly. In this study, we hypothesize that HIV persistent transcription(HIVpt) may affect to a different extent patients on stable efavirenz(EFV) versus atazanavir(ATV)-based regimens. The role of the expression of drug efflux transporters in HIVpt was also investigated.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 51 virologically suppressed patients on first-line treatment for one year with EFV or ATV combined with emtricitabine and tenofovir and followed them up for one year. Simultaneous ultrasensitive subpopulation staining/hybridization in situ(SUSHI) was performed to identify HIVpt in CD4+ T-cells and in the CD4+CD45RO+ T-cell subpopulation. The differential mRNA expression of P-glycoprotein(P-gp/ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein-1(MRP1/ABCC1) was also evaluated. Univariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of HIVpt.ResultsIn the CD4+ T-cell population, HIVpt affected 13/30 of patients on EFV versus 10/21 on ATV. In the CD4+CD45RO+ T-cell population, HIVpt was present in 14/30 of patients on EFV versus 15/21 on ATV. A trend for association was observed between the risk of HIVpt and ATV treatment in the CD4+CD45RO+ T-cell population (OR 2.86, 95% CI 0.87–9.37, p = 0.083). HIVpt status was not associated with loss of virological suppression or CD4 evolution. We found no evidence of differential expression of the drug efflux transporters P-gp and MRP1.ConclusionsFurther study is required to evaluate whether the HIVpt profile in specific cell populations may differ across different antiretroviral regimens and to elucidate the potential clinical impact.

Highlights

  • Combination antiretroviral therapy(cART), albeit not curative, has improved substantially the morbidity and mortality of HIV disease through prolonged and sustained suppression of viral replication.[1]

  • We found no evidence of differential expression of the drug efflux transporters P-gp and MRP1

  • The importance of persistent HIV transcription(HIVpt) in patients on suppressive ART is unclear, but several studies suggest that biomarkers of HIVpt may be promising to assess residual viral replication.[7]

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Summary

Introduction

Combination antiretroviral therapy(cART), albeit not curative, has improved substantially the morbidity and mortality of HIV disease through prolonged and sustained suppression of viral replication.[1]. Antiretroviral drugs may be substrates, inhibitors or inducers of ATP-binding cassette transporters(ABC transporters) which function as drug efflux pumps with possible implications for the intracellular concentrations of antiretrovirals.[9]

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