Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic ketoacidosis among Patients Living with Type 1 Diabetes in Makkah Al-Mukarramah City

Abstract

Objective: To assess magnitude of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among type-1 diabetics and to identify associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 236 type-1 diabetics in Makkah Al-Mukarramah City, Saudi Arabia. Results: Among participants, 59.3% were males, 44.1% were diabetic for more than 5 years, while 70.8% reported past history of DKA. The main causes of DKA were gfirst presentation of the diseaseh (40.9%), and gdiscontinued treatmenth (37%). The HbA1c among 53.6% was above 9%. Almost all cases who experienced DKA were hospitalised (98.8%). Out of them, 9 (5.4%) suffered complications. Female patients were more likely to suffer from episodes of DKA than males (76% and 68.3%, respectively). Most patients whose parentsf highest education was primary level had DKA more frequently than those whose parentsf had postgraduate education. Patients with unemployed fathers had significantly higher frequency of DKA (p=0.004). Ketoacidosis was significantly more frequent among patients with parentsf consanguinity (p<0.001). Patients who had their current HbA1c level exceeding 9% had positive history of DKA compared to those with HbA1c level .7% (87.9% and 28.6%, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusion: Most type-1 diabetics experience DKA, mainly with their first presentation of disease or due to discontinuation of treatment. DKA tends to occur more frequently among female patients, those with less educated parents or when their parents are relatives. Key words: Type 1 diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, magnitude, risk factors.