Abstract
BackgroundAlthough anemia is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, information about its prevalence in Russia is mostly missing. We therefore assessed its prevalence and associated factors in a Russian population.MethodsThe population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible individuals (mean age:59.0 ± 10.7 years;range:40–94 years) who underwent a standardized interview and detailed general examination. The definition of anemia was based on the hemoglobin concentration (definition #1:hemoglobin concentration < 140 g/L in men,< 130 g/L in women; definition #2:hemoglobin concentration < 130 g/L in men,< 120 g/L in women [World Health Organization definition]).ResultsHigher hemoglobin concentration (mean:142.6 ± 14.8 g/L; range:80-171 g/L) was associated (multivariable analysis) with male gender (P < 0.001; standardized regression coefficient beta:-0.20), higher waist-hip circumference ratio (P < 0.001;beta:0.05), higher prevalence of car ownership (P < 0.001;beta:0.05), higher blood concentrations of bilirubin (P < 0.001;beta:0.05) and triglycerides (P < 0.001;beta:0.06), lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.001;beta:-0.32), and shorter blood clotting time (P < 0.001;beta:-0.39). Using definition #1 and #2, anemia was detected in 1385 individuals (23.6%;95% confidence interval CI)CI:22.5,24.7) and in 453 individuals (7.7%;95%CI:7.0,8.4), respectively. Prevalence of moderate anemia (hemoglobin concenttration:110 g/L-80 g/L), detected in 165 individuals (2.8%;95%CI:2.4,3.2), increased with younger age (P = 0.008;odds ratio (OR):0.98;95%CI:0.96,0.99), female gender (P < 0.001;OR:2.52;95%CI:1.47,4.33), higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.001;OR:1.08;95%CI:1.06,1.09), longer blood clotting time (P < 0.001;OR:8.56;95%CI:5.68,12.9), and marginally significantly, with a lower waist-hip circumference ratio (P = 0.058;OR:0.13;95%CI:0.02,1.07). In women, it was significantly (P < 0.001) higher before menopause (8.8%;95%CI:6.4,11.1) than after menopause (3.5%;95%CI:2.8,4.3).ConclusionsIn this Russian population as compared to populations from countries with a similar socio-demographic index, anemia prevalence was relatively low. As in other populations, higher anemia prevalence was strongly and inversely associated with menopause, and to a minor degree, with lower waist-hip circumference ratio and lower socio-economic background.
Highlights
Anemia is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, information about its prevalence in Russia is mostly missing
Applying definition #1, anemia as a whole was detected in 1385 individuals (23.6%; 95%confidence intervals (CI): 22.5, 24.7), and mild anemia was present in 1220 individuals (20.8%; 95%CI: 19.8, 21.8)
Using definition #2, anemia as a whole was found in 453 individuals (7.7%; 95%CI: 7.0, 8.4), and mild anemia was present in 288 individuals (4.9%; 95%CI: 4.4, 5.5)
Summary
Anemia is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, information about its prevalence in Russia is mostly missing. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimated in 2010 that the global prevalence of anemia was 32.9%, and that anemia caused 68.4 million YLDs (years lived with disability) or 8.8% of all YLDs [1, 2]. The anemia-associated YLDs increased in all ages between 1990 and 2010, driven by a combination of increased prevalence and population growth in the young age groups. The increase in the anemia-associated YLDs was mainly due to population aging while the anemia prevalence in the elderly age groups decreased from all causes except for malaria. In most regions and age groups, anemia prevalence was higher in females than in males [1,2,3]
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