Abstract
Background: Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne bacteria frequently isolated from pork. It pose significant public health risks due to its potential to harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains are of particular concern as these can be transferred to humans through food or contaminated environments. Objective: To determine Salmonella’s prevalence and antimicrobial resistance determinants from pork at retail markets in the Northern part of Thailand. Materials and methods: Salmonella was isolated and identified from 173 pork samples. The isolates were serotyped using the slide agglutination test with somatic- (O) and flagellar- (H) antigens, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using 23 different antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8/25 and blaCTX-M-9), quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) including gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants including qnrA, qnrB, qnrD, qnrS, and aac(6’)-Ib-cr were determined. Results: In this study, 98.8% of the samples were identified as Salmonella. Among these, 72.5% of isolates showed resistance to at least 1 antimicrobial agent and 48.5% were MDR. Ampicillin/tetracycline/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (AMP/ TE/SXT) was the most common phenotypic resistance pattern. The results revealed that 4 ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, and blaCTX-M-9) were detected in 3 isolates- identified as ESBL producers. Moreover, all 9 quinolone-mediated resistance determinants were observed in quinolone resistance isolates. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that most MDR isolates harbored quinolone resistance determinants. We report the distribution of MDR in Salmonella strains isolated from pork and the correlation between the phenotypic and the genotypic susceptibility. These findings raise great concern about the spread of resistant Salmonella strains in the Northern part of Thailand.
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