Prevalence and anatomy of the axillary arch and its implications in surgical practice: A meta-analysis

Abstract

PurposeThe following research aimed to investigate the prevalence and anatomical features of the axillary arch (AA) – a muscular, tendinous or musculotendinous slip arising from the latissimus dorsi and that terminates in various structures around the shoulder girdle. The AA may complicate axillary lymph node biopsy or breast reconstruction surgery and may cause thoracic outlet syndrome. MethodsMajor electronic databases were thoroughly searched for studies on the AA and its variations. Data regarding the prevalence, morphology, laterality, origin, insertion and innervation of the AA was extracted and included in this meta-analysis. The AQUA tool was used in order to assess potential risk of bias within the included studies. ResultsThe AA was reported in 29 studies (10,222 axillas), and its pooled prevalence estimate in this meta-analysis was found to be 5.3% of the axillas: unilaterally (61.6%) and bilaterally (38.4%). It was predominantly muscular (55.1% of the patients with the AA), originated from the latissimus dorsi muscle or tendon (87.3% of the patients with the AA), inserted into the pectoralis major muscle or fascia (35.2% of the patients with the AA), and was most commonly innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve (39.9% of the patients with the AA). ConclusionThe AA is a relatively common variant, hence it should not be neglected. Oncologists and surgeons should consider this variant while diagnosing an unknown palpable mass in the axilla, as the arch might mimic a neoplasm or enlarged lymph nodes.