Pretreatment with Salvadora persica L. (Miswak) aqueous extract alleviates paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hematological toxicity in male mice.

Mohd Alaraj,Hossain Ashfaque,Tolgahan Acar,Mohamed J Saadh,Ammar Almaaytah ,Bahaa Al‐Trad ,Irena Kosińska ,K I Altaif ,Mohammed Ahmed Qumani ,Syed Monowar Alam Shahid

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2021.589-594

Abstract

Background and Aim:Paracetamol (PCM) ingestion is one of the most frequent global causes of toxicity. Salvadora persica L. is a plant that among many other effects exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effect of S. persica aqueous extract in the PCM overdose-induced liver and kidney injury and hematological changes in a mice model.Materials and Methods:Mice were given PCM with and without S. persica pretreatment. Blood cell counts and liver and kidney function biomarkers were measured. Liver and kidney samples were histologically examined.Results:A single overdose of PCM caused significant elevations of alanine and aspartate transaminases, alkaline phosphate, bilirubin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine compared with the control group. In addition, PCM toxicity significantly lowered red blood cell count but insignificantly increased both white blood cell and platelet counts in comparison to the control mice. Pretreatment with S. persica significantly prevented PCM-induced changes in hepatic and renal biomarkers. S. persica also caused marked reversal of hematological changes. Histologically, the liver and kidney showed inflammation and necrosis after PCM treatment, which were significantly reduced in mice pretreated with S. persica.Conclusion:Taken together, S. persica significantly inhibited PCM-induced renal, hepatic, and hematological toxicity, pointing to its possible use in the treatment of liver and renal disorders.

Highlights

Paracetamol (PCM) is the safest and most widely consumed minor analgesic and antipyretic drug across the world [1]
A single overdose of PCM caused significant elevations of alanine and aspartate transaminases, alkaline phosphate, bilirubin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine compared with the control group
Compared with the control group treated with distilled water, mice treated with single dose of PCM (PCM group) had significantly increased (p

Summary

Introduction

Paracetamol (PCM) is the safest and most widely consumed minor analgesic and antipyretic drug across the world [1]. Overdose with PCM can induce potentially deadly hepatotoxicity [2,3]. PCM toxicity is a leading cause of liver malfunction in developed countries [4], but recent data show that PCM overdose causes renal failure more frequently than previously reported and this can occur even without liver damage [5]. It has been well established that hepatotoxicity of PCM is caused by the toxic metabolite N acetyl-p-benzoquinone. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Paracetamol (PCM) ingestion is one of the most frequent global causes of toxicity. We investigated the possible protective effect of S. persica aqueous extract in the PCM overdose-induced liver and kidney injury and hematological changes in a mice model

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion