Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.
Highlights
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an extensive bacterial disease of broilers which causes significant economic loss by damaging the intestinal mucosa
It has been estimated that NE causes over US$ 6 billion economic losses every year globally (Moore 2016) and has become fourth leading bacterial induced food-borne disease in the United States (Flynn 2014)
Great attention is needed to the health of Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) because it is naturally protected by probiotic bacteria, present in the intestine
Summary
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an extensive bacterial disease of broilers which causes significant economic loss by damaging the intestinal mucosa. Great attention is needed to the health of GIT because it is naturally protected by probiotic bacteria, present in the intestine. Probiotics have been widely used as an alternative to antibiotics which increase the population of beneficial bacteria and promote intestinal health of the host (M’Sadeq et al 2015).
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