Abstract
Hazelnut industries generate a large amount of byproducts. Among them, waste hazelnut shells (which account for about 50% of the nut weight), are potential raw materials to produce value added products. Hydrothermal pretreatment enables the solubilization of hemicelluloses, while cellulose and lignin remain in the solid phase almost unaltered, allowing their subsequent processing for an integral valorization of the feedstock. When the reaction was performed at the optimal temperature (210 °C), hemicelluloses were mainly converted into soluble substituted oligosaccharides (OS). Further membrane processing of the liquid phase from hydrothermal pretreatment enabled the refining of the OS, which accounted for up to 90.87 wt% of the nonvolatile solutes (NVC) in the refined solution, which also contained 5 g of natural bound phenolics/100 g NVC. The target products showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity, conferred by the phenolic components. Substituted OS were made up of xylose backbones with a wide degree of polymerization distribution, and showed structures highly substituted by acetyl and uronic groups. The data included in this study provide the basis for assessing the large-scale manufacture of substituted oligosaccharides with bound phenolics as bioactive components of functional use in foods, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals.
Highlights
The current model of industrial development, based on an intensive usage of nonrenewable fossil resources, results in a number of negative effects, including health risks and global warming.a gradual transition into sustainable alternatives based on cleaner and renewable raw materials is imperative [1]
The glucan content of Hazelnut shells (HS) accounted 26.49% of the raw material, in the range reported by Aydinli and Caglar (2012) [42], and considerably higher than the 18.7% determined by Surek and Buyukkileci (2017) [7]
This study deals with the hydrothermal pretreatment of HS, conceived as the
Summary
The current model of industrial development, based on an intensive usage of nonrenewable fossil resources, results in a number of negative effects, including health risks and global warming. Hydrothermal pretreatment of waste HS was proposed to as an initial step ofproduct a performed under optimal reaction was refined by membrane processing yield a final meeting multistage process allowing the complete utilization of HS. This step aimed at the solubilization of the purity degree required for commercial food grade OS.
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