Abstract
In this paper, the effects of pressure regulation in a water distribution network (WDN) are being examined. Quality is hammered the most when pressure is reduced in a WDN and this occurs due to the increase in the age of water flowing inside the network pipes (water age is actually the total time the water remains inside the pipes before reaching the customer’s tap). Kos town WDN is used as the case study network. Kos town is the capital of the homonymous Greek island, among the most famous and popular of the Greek islands. The specific WDN is quite typical but very interesting, as it is extended along the seafront. The network’s hydraulic simulation model was developed through the WaterCad V8i software. As Kos experiences too high-water demand peaks and lows during summer and winter time, respectively, its WDN has already been thoroughly studied, in order to regulate the pressure and reduce its annual water loss rates. Nevertheless, these scenarios have never been examined regarding the impact on water quality. In the current study, the division of the WDN in District Metered Areas (DMAs) and the use of a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) in the entering node of each DMA are being evaluated in terms of water age. Additionally, a swift optimization process takes place to produce different DMAs’ borders, based on the criteria of minimum nodal water age, instead of optimal pressure. Different scenarios were tested on the calibrated and validated hydraulic model of Kos town WDN.
Highlights
Dividing a water distribution network (WDN) into District Metered Areas (DMAs), along with the use of Pressure Reduction Valves (PRVs) at the entering node of each DMA, are the most common first steps towards pressure management in a WDN [1,2,3,4,5,6]
District Metered Areas (DMAs) and the use of a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) in the entering node of each DMA are being evaluated in terms of water age
This side-effect has to do with the water age that can be significantly increased following the successful implementation of a pressure management (PM) strategy [23,24]
Summary
Dividing a water distribution network (WDN) into District Metered Areas (DMAs), along with the use of Pressure Reduction Valves (PRVs) at the entering node of each DMA, are the most common first steps towards pressure management in a WDN [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Pressure management may be considered as a powerful “weapon” in the everlasting battle against real losses, there is though one possible side-effect that seem to be underestimated, neglected or even unnoticed by the majority of researchers and water managers, and needs to be carefully studied. This side-effect has to do with the water age (i.e., the total time the water remains inside the pipes before reaching the customer’s tap) that can be significantly increased following the successful implementation of a PM strategy [23,24]. The current study, utilizing the existing calibrated hydraulic simulation model of Kos town WDN [35,36], tests already developed PM scenarios [6,13,34] introducing as optimization factors (and constraints) both the water age and the residual chlorine [37]
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