Pressure algometry and thermal sensitivity for assessing pain sensitivity and effects of flunixin meglumine and sodium salicylate in a transient lameness model in sows

Abstract

Sow lameness can result in decreased animal health and productivity, and is a significant animal welfare concern. Swine producers and veterinarians lack objective assessment tools to detect lameness. Objectives of this study were to evaluate pressure algometry (PA) and thermal sensitivity (TS) as objective assessment tools for changes in pain sensitivity associated with lameness and to assess analgesic drugs for mitigating lameness pain. Twelve mixed parity crossbred sows were anesthetized and injected with Amphotericin B in the distal interdigital space of both claws of one hind leg to induce transient lameness. Sows were randomly assigned to one of three analgesic treatment groups: (1) Sodium Salicylate (SS; 35mg/kg per os q.12h+0.04ml/kg IM q.24h sterile saline), (2) Flunixin meglumine (FM; 2.2mg/kg IM q.24h), or (3) Control (C; 0.04ml/kg IM q.24h sterile saline). All sows received each treatment over three trials with two-wk wash-out periods between trials. Forty-eight h post-induction, analgesic treatments were administered daily for four consecutive d. Pain sensitivity was assessed with PA and TS on each hind leg on d−1, d+1 and d+6 relative to induction (d0). Proc Glimmix of SAS 9.2 was used to analyze the difference between sound (S) and lame (L) legs on each trial day, with a simple effect comparison used to analyze effect of analgesia treatment on d+6. As predicted, S and L legs did not differ on d−1 (P=0.56) and less pressure was tolerated on L legs on d+1 (P<0.001) (Raw Means in kilograms of force: d−1 L 7.2±0.2; d−1 S 7.4±0.2; d+1 L 2.1±0.2; d+1 S 7.7±0.2kgf). A simple effect comparison of d+6 revealed no differences between FM and C (p=0.90), FM and SS (p=0.17), or SS and C (p=0.07). The TS latency of S versus L legs differed on all trial days (d−1 p=0.02, d+1 p<0.0001, d+6 p<0.01) over all trials. (TS Raw means (s): d−1 L 7.3±0.6; d−1 S 9.1±0.6; d+1 L 3.3±0.2; d+1 S 6.8±0.6; d+6 L 6.0±0.6; d+6 S 8.4±0.7s), including lame and sound days. In conclusion, these results support PA as an objective non-invasive method for measuring pain sensitivity in sows induced with transient lameness. Sodium salicylate or flunixin meglumine did not reduced pain sensitivity as measured by PA from d+1 to d+6 in this model of induced transient lameness.