Abstract

The rise of interest in the orality of eddic poetry has tended to view the preserved corpus as oral poems without considering their transition into writing and its poten­tial implications. The pres ...

Highlights

  • Eddic1 poetry exhibits what I have described as an inclination to non-vari­ ation in its use of phraseology (Frog 2011: 58–72; 2021)

  • The present study focuses on passages where the inclination to non-variation is predicted as a social ideal for a repeating formula or series of lines

  • The role of memory is greater where poems are remembered as texts, rather than com­posed freely in situ, and less-than-ideal verses may be recogn­ ized and improved in repetitions. This type of process is reflected in Alvíssmál, where formulae only vary on their first use, and a more ideal form on their second use remains consistent thereafter. This does not mean that poems were invariable, but remembering formulae or whole lines and systems of lines plays a significant role in such poetry, and difficulty calling up the customary phrase for a particular passage can cause a presenter to stumble no less than any of us might when, mid-sentence, we find we cann­ ot recall a key word or phrase

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Summary

Introduction

Eddic poetry exhibits what I have described as an inclination to non-vari­ ation in its use of phraseology (Frog 2011: 58–72; 2021). More deliberation on alternative expla­ na­tions and false tracks is required in the main text or in notes than in a study concerned with a more familiar issue where frameworks are es­tab­ lished for how to interpret types of evidence or it is possible to lean on findings of earlier studies After both cases have been examined, discus­ sion turns to the question of why the documented poems would retain lines and passages where something seems to have gone wrong when it was first formulated – i.e. why ‘blunders’ were not corrected – and what this suggests about how people conceived the written poems, with impli­ cations for their use as sources in research

An inclination to non-variation
Questions of poetic form and the documentation process
Methodology
Sources
Ordinal formulae
Hávamál 146–163
Sigrdrífumál 22–37
Grógaldr 6–14
Alternating b-lines in Vafþrúðnismál
Indications of ideals of non-variation
The ordinal formula within the recurrent verse sequence
The b-line formula and lack of alliteration in the eighth question
The lack of the introductory sequence in the eleventh question
Variation in the twelfth question and answer
A cardinal number in the ordinal formula and vocalic alliteration
A perspective on variation in Vafþrúðnismál
Difficulties starting and alternative ordinal formulae in Grímnismál
Elaboration between Gm 8 and Gm 11?
Comparison with quotations in Snorra Edda
An avoidance of alliteration?
Alternating ordinal formulae
A perspective on variation in Grímnismál
Implications for the documentation of eddic poems
Summary
Full Text
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