Abstract
The brief treatment of IIA offered in most introductory courses and textbooks leaves a number of important points unsaid, and may paint an incomplete and misleading picture of its nature. This note supplements such treatments with additional detail. Specifically, we first present three causes or types of IIA violations, and describe some common ways in which they occur. We then present some typical tests/remedies for IIA violations, indicating which types of violation they are best suited to identify, and how they “work” in terms of remedying a violation. We close with some additional pertinent observations.
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