Abstract
Spiritual well-being is perceived to be reflected in the quality of relationships that people have in four areas, namely with God, others, nature, and self. Many spiritual well-being questionnaires exist, but not many provide an adequate assessment of these four relationships. As part of a survey of parental perceptions of holistic early childhood education in kindergartens in Hong Kong, 1383 parents and 165 teachers, from 22 kindergartens, completed a written survey questionnaire which helped to investigate the potential for a single question with four parts to provide a valid and reliable measure for spiritual well-being. Face, content, and construct validity were confirmed, together with Cronbach’s alpha providing a test for reliability. Similarity of findings from regression analysis of items in the 4-ISWBI with domains of spiritual well-being in the 20-item SHALOM, as well as partial discrimination by gender, reinforce the validity of the 4-ISWBI as a sound indicator of spiritual well-being and its four domains. In brief, the 4-Item Spiritual Well-Being Index (4-ISWBI) promises to be a handy instrument to aid researchers looking for a convenient, concise, coherent indicator, but not an exhaustive measure, of spiritual well-being.
Highlights
(4-ISWBI) promises to be a handy instrument to aid researchers looking for a convenient, concise, coherent indicator, but not an exhaustive measure, of spiritual well-being
It is anticipated that the 4-Item Spiritual Well-Being Index (4-ISWBI) would provide a sound measure of SWB, if it was modified slightly to read, ‘How well do you relate personally with each of the following, (a) with God/heaven; (b) with other people; (c) with the environment; (d) with yourself?’, with responses given on a 5-point scale from ‘very weakly’ to
The 4-ISWBI presented here provides an indication of respondents’ perceptions of ideals for spiritual well-being, not a fully formed comprehensive interrogation of SWB. This 4-ISWB Index would provide an indication of SWB, with slight adjustment of wording to read, ‘How well do you relate personally with each of the following, (a) with God/heaven; (b) with other people; (c) with the environment; (d) with yourself?’, with responses given on a 5-point scale from ‘very weakly’ to Research Question 2, ‘How much influence do contributing variables have on this four-item SWB
Summary
Moberg (2011) lists eighteen different types of spirituality, and Koenig et al (2001, 2012) add even more. On top of this uncertainty, controversy surrounds the relationship between spirituality and well-being, with some authors claiming that spirituality is usurping or duplicating areas more appropriately related to psychology or sociology (Garssen et al 2016; Koenig 2008; MacDonald et al 2015). Psychology, as a study of mind and behavior, dates back to Ancient
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