Present Scenario and Future Landscape of Payloads for ADCs: Focus on DNA-Interacting Agents

Abstract

ADCs have emerged as a promising class of therapeutics, combining the targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxic potency of small-molecule drugs. Although the majority of approved ADCs are still based on microtubule binder payloads, the recent success of topoisomerase I inhibitors has revitalized interest in the identification of novel agents overcoming present limitations in the field including narrow therapeutic window and chemoresistance. The success of DNA binders as payload for ADCs has been very limited, up to now, due, among other factors, to high hydrophobicity and planar chemical structures resulting in most cases in ADCs with a strong tendency to aggregate, poor plasma stability, and limited therapeutic index. Some of these molecules, however, continue to be of interest due to their favorable properties in terms of cytotoxic potency even in chemoresistant settings, bystander and immunogenic cell death effects, and known combinability with approved drugs. We critically evaluated several clinically tested ADCs containing DNA binders, focusing on payload physicochemical properties, cytotoxic potency, and obtained clinical results. Our analysis suggests that further exploration of certain chemical classes, specifically anthracyclines and duocarmycins, based on the optimization of physicochemical parameters, reduction of cytotoxic potency, and careful design of targeting molecules is warranted. This approach will possibly result in a novel generation of payloads overcoming the limitations of clinically validated ADCs.