Present and Past Glaciation Threshold in the Cascade Range, Washington, U.S.A.: Topographic and Climatic Controls, and Paleoclimatic Implications

Abstract

AbstractIsoglacihypses depicting the configuration of the glaciation threshold (= “glaciation limit”) in Washington broadly parallel the crest of the Cascade Range and curve around the west and south flanks of the Olympic Mountains. In both uplands the glaciation threshold rises inland (eastward) with a mean gradient of 10-12 m/km. However, the gradient in the Cascades is more variable (7-25 m/km) due to five east-trending troughs in the glaciation threshold surface that coincide with topographic depressions along the range crest and that apparently result from greater eastward penetration of moist maritime air.Mean accumulation-season precipitation correlates strongly (r2= 0.86) with altitude of the glaciation threshold in the North Cascade Range, but the correlation of glaciation threshold with altitude of the July freezing isotherm, determined from the calculated July lapse rate within the mountains, is much weaker (r2= 0.40). Multiple regression analysis relating independent climatic variables that affect the height of the glaciation threshold indicates that 90.4% of variance is explained by accumulation-season precipitation and estimated mean annual temperature at the glaciation threshold.The glaciation threshold during the greatest ice advance of the last (Fraser) glaciation in the southern North Cascade Range (c.18 000-22 000 years B.P.) was 900 ± 100 m below that of the present. Depression of the glaciation threshold by this amount most likely resulted from a change in accumulation-season precipitation of no more than 30% from present values and a decrease in mean ablation-season temperature of 5-5 ± 1.5 deg.