Presence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 in primary salivary glands of the mealybug vector Planococcus citri suggests a circulative transmission mechanism

Abstract

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a mealybug-transmissible ampelovirus. Though the transmission mechanism has been described as semipersistent on the basis of temporal parameters, definitive proof of this mechanism has never been provided. In the present study, we carried out preliminary assays to establish the location of the virus in its vector, Planococcus citri. After dissecting the insects, GLRaV-3 was detected by means of IC-RT-PCR in the salivary glands, intestine and Malpighian tubes, but not in the sucking apparatus. Immunogold labelling of the capsid protein revealed the presence of the virus in some cells of the primary salivary glands, but not in the alimentary channel of the stylet, or in the accessory salivary glands. The strong labelling of the electron-dense secretion vesicles in some cells of the primary salivary glands, together with the non-detection of the virus in the sucking apparatus suggests that the transmission mechanism may be different from that previously described. We propose a circulative transmission mechanism based on a specific transportation route for the viral particles from the midgut or hindgut to the salivary glands. As the transmission mechanism is generally a common feature of a viral genus, the existence of a circulative transmission mechanism for other mealybug-transmitted ampeloviruses is expected. Organ by organ analysis of GLRaV-1, another ampelovirus not transmissible by P. citri, showed the absence of the virus in the salivary glands, thus providing further, though indirect, evidence in favour of circulative transmission for this virus genus.