Abstract
SNP mutations in the HOXB13 gene associated with prostate cancer were determined in Moroccans prostate cancer patients (PCa). All PCa SNP mutations were new and belong to the SNP point-mutations located on the stop codon of HOXB13 exon 1 and 2 located in chromosome 17. The five mutations and their frequencies were as follows: rs1197613952 (12%), rs1597934612 (4%), rs1597933874 (4%), rs1597933837 (4%) and rs867793282 (4%). The European HOXB13-G84E (rs138213197) PCa mutation was not detected among Moroccan patients. The Y-chromosome genealogical haplotypes of the Western European (R1b1b2-M2G9) and the Eastern European (R191a-M-17) were not observed in Moroccans PCa patients. The patients have their own haplotypes E1b1 and J with a frequency of 55 and 35%, respectively. The results of the SNP mutations in the HOXB13, the absence of the HOXB13-G84E of the European in the Moroccans PCa patients, the absence of the European-lineage haplogroups (R1a1a-M17 and R1b1b2-M269) and the presence of E1b1b and J in Moroccans PCa patients would clearly indicate the absence of gene flow from European to Moroccans gene pool.
Highlights
There has been a growing global research interest on profiling of the prostate cancer HOXB13 mutations, which is population-based and associated with the males’ genealogy in different population [1]-[9]
The range of the frequency rate of the HOXB13-G84E germline mutation in European countries is (0.5% - 4.5%) (Figure 2), which is totally absent in the Moroccans patents showing that there is no gene flow for the European HOXB13-G84E prostate cancer (PCa) mutations
In comparison with the PCa mutation reported to be associated with the European pedigree, all 5 identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) mutations of the HOXB13 gene (rs1197613952 (12%), rs1597934612 (4%), rs1597933874 (4%), rs1597933837 (4%) and rs867793282 (4%)) among Moroccan PCa patients were completely new, and none of them had previously been reported in Europe as they are distinctively different from the HOXB13-G84E SNP PCa mutation reported for the European genealogical lineages [10] [11] [12] [14] [22] [23] [24]
Summary
There has been a growing global research interest on profiling of the prostate cancer HOXB13 mutations, which is population-based and associated with the males’ genealogy in different population [1]-[9]. Our research outcomes on the Y-chromosome haplogroups of Arabs genealogical-lineages as determined by mutations of the Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) of the non-recombined region of the Y-chromosome showed that the epidemiology of cancers correlates with the genealogy and ethnicity of the population clusters [9] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] This has prompted the scientific question on whether the incidence of such ancestral-based mutation of prostate cancer in males is associated with or can be predicted by the gene flow in males’ haplogroups and their genealogical-lineages vis-à-vis profiling of the Y-chromosome among different population. Morocco represents a unique population cluster for testing our hypothesis, because it presented a vehicle to determine if there was a gene flow profile of the HOXB13-G84E mutation of prostate cancer associated with the European genealogy gene flow (if any) of the R1b1b2-M269 and R1a1a-M17 Y-chromosome haplogroups from Europe into Morocco
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