Presence of Cross-Reactions with Other Viral Encephalitides in the Indirect Fluorescent-Antibody Test for Diagnosis of Rabies

Abstract

The antemortem diagnosis of rabies in humans employs techniques that require accuracy, speed, and sensitivity. A combination of histochemical analysis, in vitro virus isolation, immunological methods, and molecular amplification procedures are utilized in efforts to diagnose the disease. Modern medicine now offers potentially life-saving treatment for a disease that was considered invariably fatal once clinical signs develop. However, medical intervention efforts require a rapid and accurate diagnosis as early in the course of clinical disease as possible. Indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) testing on cerebrospinal fluid and serum specimens provides rapid results, but the specificity of the assay has not been well studied. Because false-positive IFA results could significantly affect patient treatment and outcomes, it is critical to understand the specificity of this assay. In this study, IFA testing was performed on 135 cerebrospinal fluid and serum specimens taken from patients with viral encephalitis or a presumed viral infection involving an agent other than rabies virus. Results indicate that false-positive results can occur in interpreting the rabies IFA test. Staining patterns morphologically similar to antirabies staining were observed in 7 of the 135 cerebrospinal fluid specimens examined. In addition, a majority of the cerebrospinal fluid specimens tested from patients with encephalitis presented immunoglobulin that bound to antigens present in the cell culture substrate. Of marked concern was the frequent presence of cross-reactive antibodies in encephalitis cases associated with West Nile and Powassan flaviviruses. Because IFA testing for rabies on human specimens may result in false-positive results, it should not be used as the sole basis for initiating antirabies treatment.