Abstract
We conducted genome sequence analysis to examine the presence/absence of two types of Z-DNA binding domains in various organisms. We examined 68 organisms from archaea, 914 organisms from bacteria, and 199 organisms from eukaryotes. RecA protein from Escherichia coli has a Z-DNA binding domain and this protein promotes homologous recombination. All the organisms examined had this domain. This result indicated that this domain is essential for all the organisms. RNA editing enzyme, adenosine deaminase from human has another type of Z-DNA binding domain. This domain was observed in some organisms of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. The presence/absence of Z-DNA binding domain in adenosine deaminase indicated that gain and loss of this domain had occurred in the process of evolution. The implication of presence and absence of this domain is discussed in this study.
Highlights
Double-stranded DNA is in equilibrium between right-handed B-DNA and left-handed Z-DNA
The RNA editing enzyme, adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) from human includes Z-DNA binding domain [10] and this domain acts as an effector of gene expression [16]
In genomes to protein structures and functions (GTOP), 68 organisms in archaea were divided into 5 phyla and 13 sections (Table 1(a)), 914 organisms in bacteria were divided into 21 phyla and 45 sections (Table 1(b)), and 199 organisms in eukaryotes were divided into 13 phyla and 21 sections (Table 1(c))
Summary
Double-stranded DNA is in equilibrium between right-handed B-DNA and left-handed Z-DNA. The three-dimensional (3D) structures of Z-DNA binding domain from human [11,12,13,14] revealed that it differs from that of E. coli [15]. This result indicated that there are at least two types of Z-DNA binding domains. The RNA editing enzyme, adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) from human includes Z-DNA binding domain [10] and this domain acts as an effector of gene expression [16]
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