Prescribed fire lessens bark beetle impacts despite varied effects on fuels 13 years after mastication and fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest

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Mastication, thinning, and prescribed fire can help shift fire-prone forests to a structure and composition more resilient to wildfire, but the ability to evaluate treatment effectiveness requires monitoring forest response to disturbances over time after treatment. In this study, we investigated fuel loadings, forest structure, and tree growth to assess treatment legacies thirteen years after mastication, prescribed fire, and surface fuel pull-back from tree boles in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. An outbreak of bark beetles between 2011 and 2018 impacted all plots but burned treatments had lower overstory mortality relative to unburned treatments which experienced an 80 % decline in live tree biomass. Tree diameter, canopy density, and surface fuel loadings became similar across all treatments during the 13 year time period. Height to live crown remained elevated in burned treatments relative to the control but had lowered by an average of 1.9 ± 0.3 (SE) m across all treatments. Radial tree growth did not have a sustained response to treatment and was greater in burned treatments for only a single year, 2011, several years post-treatment. Prescribed fire decreased duff mass by 56 % relative to unburned treatments but did not affect forest floor bulk density. Downed woody fuel loadings (1-h – 1000-h) were similar across treatments. The invasive Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) had uniformly high cover across treatments. Whereas treatments were largely ineffective at producing long-term reductions in surface fuel loadings, the enduring reductions in duff loadings and reduced overstory mortality support the long-term utility of prescribed fire. Cumulatively, our results highlight the potential for prescribed fire to reduce overstory mortality and duff loadings in dry mixed-conifer forests, thereby contributing more effectively to fire-resilient characteristics relative to other fuel reduction treatments.