Abstract
Increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) has resulted in the emergence of distributed energy resource aggregators (DERAs). A DERA participates in the transmission-level market operated by a transmission system operator (TSO), and the DERA's resources are connected to a jurisdiction of the distribution system operator (DSO). Inspired by the structure of the Korean power industry, this study assumes a minimal DSO that cannot directly dispatch the resources in its system. In this study, we develop a detailed procedure for prequalification wherein the DSO checks the DERA's bids that are submitted to the TSO markets. The proposed prequalification enables the DSO to secure the reliability of its system by providing limited network information to the DERA. The DERA modifies its bid until potential overvoltage and overflow problems are resolved, even in the worst case, including uncertainties. The proposed prequalification process is verified using the IEEE 33-bus distribution network. Compared to previous studies, the results demonstrate that the proposed prequalification can deal with distribution system constraints, even though uncertainties are included. The proposed prequalification process can be applied to power industries where the DSO does not have the full dispatch authority on DRESs.
Highlights
Distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) are rapidly being dispersed into distribution systems [1]
That enabled the participation of DRESs and distributed energy resource aggregators (DERAs) in the wholesale energy market [7]
Because a DERA is not responsible for the reliability of distribution systems [8], an increase in the number of DRESs and DERAs can threaten the reliability of the passive distribution system [9], [10]
Summary
Distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) are rapidly being dispersed into distribution systems [1]. VOLUME 9, 2021 represents the extension of the current TSO-centric power market into the distribution system and DRESs. In the centralized approach, the TSO determines the activation of the DRESs, while a minimal DSO cannot directly dispatch the DRESs in its system. In the minimal DSO model, the DSO is not authorized to control the resources of DERA directly; instead, the TSO controls the DERA’s resources It is computationally demanding for the TSO to operate the entire system, including all the distribution systems [17], [18]. As a result of the prequalification, the DSO can guide the DERA to resolve constraint violations, such as overflow and overvoltage [20] Both DSO models are completely compatible in that each DSO can maintain a reliable distribution system and support the DERAs in participating in transmission-level markets or services.
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