Prepositions in Applications: A Survey and Introduction to the Special Issue

Abstract

Prepositions1—as well as prepositional phrases (PPs) and markers of various sorts— have a mixed history in computational linguistics (CL), as well as related fields such as artificial intelligence, information retrieval (IR), and computational psycholinguistics: On the one hand they have been championed as being vital to precise language understanding (e.g., in information extraction), and on the other they have been ignored on the grounds of being syntactically promiscuous and semantically vacuous, and relegated to the ignominious rank of “stop word” (e.g., in text classification and IR). Although NLP in general has benefitted from advances in those areas where prepositions have received attention, there are still many issues to be addressed. For example, in machine translation, generating a preposition (or “case marker” in languages such as Japanese) incorrectly in the target language can lead to critical semantic divergences over the source language string. Equivalently in information retrieval and information extraction, it would seem desirable to be able to predict that book on NLP and book about NLPmean largely the same thing, but paranoid about drugs and paranoid on drugs suggest very different things. Prepositions are often among the most frequent words in a language. For example, based on the British National Corpus (BNC; Burnard 2000), four out of the top-ten most-frequent words in English are prepositions (of, to, in, and for). In terms of both parsing and generation, therefore, accurate models of preposition usage are essential to avoid repeatedly making errors. Despite their frequency, however, they are notoriously difficult to master, even for humans (Chodorow, Tetreault, and Han 2007). For example, Lindstromberg (2001) estimates that less than 10% of upper-level English as a Second