Abstract
Phthalocyanines are of a broad interest in photovoltaic applications. In this study, films of titanium-phthalocyanine-chloride (TiPcCl2) were prepared by the thermal evaporation method. The molecular structure was studied by a Raman spectrometer, showing a match between the spectra of the powder and the prepared films. The films' surface was examined by the atomic force microscope, revealing grain size and surface roughness of TiPcCl2 thin films to be 223 and 41 nm, respectively, for a 100 nm thickness. The energy gap was determined to be 1.5 eV, with no observable effect by the thickness change. Additionally, the linear and nonlinear optical constants were calculated from reflectance and transmittance measurements. The values of third nonlinear susceptibility are in order of 10–12 esu, which is compatible with other phthalocyanines. The nonlinear optical constants indicate that TiPcCl2 films could also be used for optical laser limiters.
Highlights
Phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes are photosensitizers in the near IR region with unique photochemical, electrochemical, and thermal properties [1]
3.1 Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the molecular structure of the TiPcCl2 films, such as group structure, functional groups, and structural parameter changes with the change of film thickness
The Raman spectra of TiPcCl2 are close to other Metal phthalocyanine (MPc) with different central metals [23]
Summary
Phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes are photosensitizers in the near IR region with unique photochemical, electrochemical, and thermal properties [1]. Pc chemical structure comprises varying numbers of single and multiple bonds, so molecules exist in high-grade electronically excited states [5] Several metals, such as Zn, Pb, Cu, Ga, etc., are integrated into Pc's side group to improve its structural and desirable properties. Different studies have shown that Pc's optical properties and applications are influenced by central metal nature [6,7,8]. The films of AlPcCl [11] and GaPcCl [12, 13] were analyzed to investigate their optical properties These films exhibit indirectly allowed transitions, and different dispersion and absorption parameters were calculated. The present work is focused on studying the influence of film thickness on characterization, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of TiPcCl2 thin films
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