Preparation of thin histological sections from archaeological bone and tooth samples

Abstract

Histological analysis of osteological remains from archaeological excavations provides data and information that can be difficult or impossible to obtain from macroscopic description and examination. Furthermore, the microscopic perspective provides important evidence for taxonomically indeterminate samples lacking morphologically diagnostic marks, e.g. determination of human/non-human bone origin, and can provide further information about analysed individual, e.g. studying of developmental stress in dental enamel. Microscopy of bone and tooth samples requires preparation of good quality thin histological sections for transmitted and polarized light microscopy examination and analysis. This paper presents detailed methodology description in several main steps which were modified to fit our laboratory. Finally, we suggest an easily repeatable protocol and know-how fitting in similar or identical laboratory conditions, including equipment, consumables, and other items