Abstract
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is a synthetic polymer primarily used in the tire industry, due to its good collaborative properties with additives and fillers. In the present work, we aim to synthesize an SBR composite reinforced with graphene oxide filler to be made biodegradable. In composite preparation, we fabricated styrene-butadiene rubber/graphene oxide/collagen (SBR/GO/COL) composites by adding a biodegradable biomolecule of elastin collagen fillers at 1.5 wt% and 2.5 wt%. Those prepared SBR/GO/COL composites, along with pure SBR and SBR/GO as control samples, were characterized using advanced analysis techniques, and their biodegradability was also evaluated. From microscopy examination results, the morphology of pure SBR had been improved after the addition of GO for SBR/GO composite by revealing a compact structure with a smoother surface. As for the SBR/GO/1.5COL sample, the 1.5 wt% COL filler was found to be effectively embedded in the SBR/GO matrix. However, the 2.5 wt% COL amount led to the formation of an aggregated structure in the SBR/GO/2.5COL sample due to the unreacted interface between COL filler and SBR/GO. The porosity had also been improved for SBR/GO/1.5COL sample, imparting it with a surface area suitable for tires in the automobile industry. From elemental analysis, the presence of nitrogen was detected for the collagen-filled SBR composite, proving the successful incorporation of collagen fibrils. The physicochemical analysis also detected a trace of graphene oxide and collagen functional groups in the SBR composite. In addition, the thermal analysis revealed those collagen-filled composites had stable heat tolerance behavior, which is suitably used in extreme weather conditions. Moreover, the SBR/GO/1.5COL sample exhibited good characteristics in both mechanical and biodegradable properties. Thus, the product of SBR/GO/1.5COL could be regarded as a promising composite for green tires in the auto industry in the future.
Highlights
The sample of pure Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) had flat surface morphology. It presented wrinkle-like and protuberant features. This was because of the asymmetrical interaction between SBR polymeric chains, which was caused by the repulsion effect of π orbital and double bonding that existed in SBR rubber [16]
The morphology of pure SBR improved after the addition of GO for SBR/GO composite by revealing a compact structure with a smoother surface
As for the SBR/GO/1.5COL sample, the COL filler was found effectively embedded in the SBR/GO matrix, proving the 1.5 wt% COL filler amount could be incorporated into the composite with good interfacial interaction
Summary
The utilization of a bio-based green composite to make automobile parts using renewable resources has become a common industrial practice [1]. The abandoned rubber tires have been in great distress or annoyance for environmentalists and landfills. According to a recent study, around 5.1 billion tires are abandoned all around the world very year. The toughness of the old tires is the biggest obstacle after they have been landfilled and covered up by garbage, which bears inestimable time for decomposition to take place. If not covered, it will collect rainwater and cause the growth of insect-like mosquitoes that are harmful to humans. Despite the decomposition in due course, it still contains some dangerous chemicals leaching into the soils that might pose a risk to the environment. Used tires are recycled to make shoes, bushings, washers, gaskets, wheels, compartments, and while a wide variety of items for the household, business, and modern application [2]; it is not a true solution for the long term
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