Preparation of Site-specific T=mCG cis-syn Cyclobutane Dimer-containing Template and Its Error-free Bypass by Yeast and Human Polymerase η

Abstract

C-to-T mutations are a hallmark of UV light and, in humans, occur preferentially at methylated Py(m)CG sites, which are also sites of preferential cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation. In response, cells have evolved DNA damage bypass polymerases, of which polymerase η (pol η) appears to be specifically adapted to synthesize past cis-syn CPDs. Although T=T CPDs are stable, CPDs containing C or 5-methylcytosine ((m)C) are not and spontaneously deaminate to U or T at pH 7 and 37 °C over a period of hours or days, making their preparation and study difficult. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that, depending on solvent polarity, a C or an (m)C in a CPD can adopt three tautomeric forms, one of which could code as T. Although many in vitro studies have established that synthesis past T or U in a CPD by pol η occurs in a highly error-free manner, the only in vitro evidence that synthesis past C or (m)C in a CPD also occurs in an error-free manner is for an (m)C in the 5'-position of an (m)C=T CPD. Herein, we describe the preparation and characterization of an oligodeoxynucleotide containing a CPD of a T(m)CG site, one of the major sites of C methylation and C-to-T mutations found in the p53 gene of basal and squamous cell cancers. We also demonstrate that both yeast and human pol η synthesize past the 3'-(m)C CPD in a >99% error-free manner, consistent with the highly water-exposed nature of the active site.