Abstract

In this article, halloysite nanoclay (Hal) was used as porogen for the synthesis of nitrogen doped porous carbon material with high specific surface area and pore volume. To this purpose, polymerization of melamine and terephthalaldehyde (MT) was performed in the presence of amine-functionalized carbon coated Hal (Hal@Glu-2N) that was prepared from hydrothermal treatment of Hal and glucose. Then, the prepared nanocomposite was palladated and carbonized to afford Pd@Hal@C. To further improve the textural properties of the nanocomposite, and introduce more pores in its structure, Hal nanotubes were etched. The characterization of the resulting compound, Pd@C, and comparing it with Pd@Hal@C, showed that etching of Hal significantly increased the specific surface area and pore volume in Pd@C. Pd@C was successfully used as a heterogeneous catalyst for promoting hydrogenation of nitroarens in aqueous media using hydrogen with atmospheric pressure as a reducing agent. The comparison of the structural features and catalytic activity of the catalyst with some control catalysts, including, Pd@Hal, Pd@Hal@Glu, Pd@Hal@Glu-MT and Pd@Hal@C confirmed that nitrogen groups in C could improve the Pd anchoring and suppress its leaching, while etching of Hal and introduction of more pores could enhance the catalytic activity through facilitating the mass transfer.

Highlights

  • In this article, halloysite nanoclay (Hal) was used as porogen for the synthesis of nitrogen doped porous carbon material with high specific surface area and pore volume

  • In the continuation of our interest in disclosing the utility of Hal[33,34,35,36,37], we have reported synthesis of Hal-melamine based polymer hybrid system[38]

  • To the best of our knowledge, Hal was previously used for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes[41], there is no report on the use of Hal as a porogen for improving porosity of carbon sheets

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Summary

Introduction

Halloysite nanoclay (Hal) was used as porogen for the synthesis of nitrogen doped porous carbon material with high specific surface area and pore volume. To this purpose, polymerization of melamine and terephthalaldehyde (MT) was performed in the presence of amine-functionalized carbon coated Hal (Hal@Glu-2N) that was prepared from hydrothermal treatment of Hal and glucose. We successfully developed several hybrid of Hal-carbon materials that exhibited excellent catalytic activity[37,39] Taking these results into account and considering the fact that melamine-based polymers possess high content of nitrogen[40], in this study, we aim to use Hal as porogen for tuning the textural features of nitrogen doped carbon materials. Using several control catalysts and comparing their Pd loading, leaching, specific surface area and catalytic activity with those of the catalyst, the roles of carbonization and Hal etching in the catalytic activity were studied

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