Abstract
In this study, Ni nanotube-modified stainless-steel electrode (SSE\\Nianodized) was prepared by galvanic displacement on tangled Zn nanowire-composed sacrificial template (SSE\\Zn) followed by anodization in 1 M NaOH. The tangled Zn nanowires were electrodeposited from an amide-type room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methypyrrolidinium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide ([BMP][TFSA]) containing ZnCl2, and then galvanic displacement was conducted in the same RTIL with [NiCl4]2−. The process was unable to be reproduced by using water or choline chloride-ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-EG DES) as the reaction media, indicating the unique properties of RTILs. The cations of RTILs are critical to successfully retaining the skeleton of Zn-nanowire-template. SSE\\Nianodized showed high activity towards the oxidation of urea and possessed a detection limit of 3 μM, a sensitivity of 902.8 μA·mM−1·cm−2, and a dynamic range of 1–20000 μM. Most importantly, the electrode could be regenerated by anodization in 1 M NaOH to remove adsorbed urea without significantly altering the surface morphology and performance of the electrode. A low background current was achieved after the regeneration process, which is important for repeatedly using the same electrode in urea determination.
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