Preparation of modified long-mer RNAs and analysis of FMN binding to the ypaA aptamer from B. subtilis

Abstract

In recent years, RNA has been shown to fulfil a number of cellular functions. This has led to much interest in elucidation of the structure of functional RNA molecules, and thus, in the preparation of suitably functionalized RNAs. The chemical synthesis of RNAs allows for the site-specific modification; however, is limited to sequences of about 60–70 nucleotides in length. At the example of the flavine mononucleotide (FMN) responsive aptamer of the ypaA riboswitch from B. subtilis, we demonstrate the highly efficient preparation of site-specifically modified long-mer RNAs. Our strategy consists of the chemical synthesis of fragments followed by enzymatic or chemical ligation. Splint ligation with T4 RNA ligase turned out to be most successful among the enyzymatic protocols. Highly efficient chemical ligation was performed by azide–alkyne cycloaddition of suitably modified RNA fragments. Wild-type and 2-aminopurine (2-AP)-modified variants of the ypaA aptamer were prepared. FMN binding to all synthesized ypaA aptamer variants is demonstrated. However, dissociation of FMN from its binding site by reduction of the isoalloxazin unit as demonstrated before for a small-hairpin-derived aptazyme could not be shown. This implies that either FMN is less accessible to reduction when it is bound to its natural aptamer; that reduced FMN remains bound to the aptamer; or that FMN upon reduction indeed is released from its binding site, without the aptamer folding back in the natural ligand-free state. The results of this study are of general interest to the preparation of site-specifically modified RNAs for investigation into structure and function.