Abstract
Macroporous cardo polyetherketone (PEK-C) powder catalyst bearing covalently ionic liquids (PEK-C-ILs) was prepared, it exhibited a high catalytic performance for biomass hydrolysis. A hydrolysis mechanism of inulin over this new catalyst was proposed as well. The influences of degree of chloromethylation of PEK-C, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, pore size of PEK-C-ILs and inulin concentration were investigated. A high conversion of inulin of 99.7% was obtained under the optimal reaction conditions. Meanwhile, the hydrolysis kinetics was studied under different conditions. The proposed kinetic model of inulin hydrolysis catalyzed by PEK-C-ILs was established and it successfully predicted the inulin hydrolysis in wider ranges of experimental conditions. The results demonstrated that the catalytic inulin hydrolysis performance of PEK-C-ILs is better than that of homogenous ILs due to that there was a high-density spatial distribution of active sites on the surface and inner pore wall of PEK-C after the ILs was immobilized. Furthermore, the stability including chemical structure and physical appearance and reusability tests showed that PEK-C-ILs catalyst could be effectively separated and recovered from hydrolysates and has excellent reusability. Importantly, using the PEK-C-ILs as catalyst makes the recycling of ILs simplified, efficient and the hydrolysis process more economical. At the same time, it avoided the potential hazards of homogenous ILs to the environment. Therefore, it is a kind of green catalyst with potential application prospect in many catalysis fields.
Highlights
The exhaustion of fossil fuel and long term uncontrolled exploitation result in the severe environmental consequences
The stability including chemical structure and physical appearance and reusability tests showed that PEK-C-Ionic liquids (ILs) catalyst could be effectively separated and recovered from hydrolysates and has excellent reusability
Chloromethylation of PEK-C plays an important role in the subsequent ILs immobilization reaction
Summary
The exhaustion of fossil fuel and long term uncontrolled exploitation result in the severe environmental consequences. Due to their renewable, zero carbon dioxide emissions and lower sulphur content, have been received much more attention as environmentally benign alternative energy [1]. The biopolymer inulin, as a kind of polydisperse polysaccharide, consists of fructosyl fructose units which linked by β-2,1-glycosidic bonds, is one of the most abundant biomasses in the world. It exists as the main component in many plants such as helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) and chicory, which are cold-, heat-resistant and easy to cultivate even in barren soil [2]. Conversion of biomasses, such as cellulose and Jerusalem artichoke, to useful platform chemicals is a vital aspect in the replacement of petroleum-based feedstocks with sustainable alternatives [3]
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