Abstract
In this study, a new method for economical utilization of coffee grounds was developed and tested. The resulting materials were characterized by proximate and elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption at 77 K. The experimental data show bio-oil yields reaching 42.3%. The optimal activated carbon was obtained under vacuum pyrolysis self-activation at an operating temperature of 450 °C, an activation temperature of 600 °C, an activation time of 30 min, and an impregnation ratio with phosphoric acid of 150 wt.%. Under these conditions, the yield of activated carbon reached 27.4% with a BET surface area of 1420 m2·g−1, an average pore size of 2.1 nm, a total pore volume of 0.747 cm3·g−1, and a t-Plot micropore volume of 0.428 cm3·g−1. In addition, the surface of activated carbon looked relatively rough, containing mesopores and micropores with large amounts of corrosion pits.
Highlights
It is well-known that climate change is mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities
The optimum vacuum pyrolysis self-activation temperature for high yield of bio-oil and microporous carbon precursors was selected as 450 ◦ C
A novel method for economical utilization of coffee grounds was developed for production of bio-oil and activated carbon
Summary
It is well-known that climate change is mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities. 1.0 ◦ C of global warming above the pre-industrial level, and this is likely to reach 1.5 ◦ C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist [1]. 10% of transportation fuel demand should be fulfilled with biofuels [4]. The biofuels can be referred to as the gaseous and liquid fuels for the transport sector that are generally produced from biomass [5]. The use of biomass in liquid biofuels production has attracted increasing interest worldwide due to its abundance, renewability, and low cost [6]
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