Abstract
Recently, tissue engineering became a very important medical alternative in patients who need to regenerate damaged or lost tissues through the use of scaffolds that support cell adhesion and proliferation. Carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, multi-wall fullerenes, and graphene) became a very important alternative to reinforce the mechanical, thermal, and antimicrobial properties of several biopolymers. In this work, five different formulations of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/oxidized carbon nano-onions (CS/PVA/ox-CNO) were used to prepare biodegradable scaffolds with potential biomedical applications. Film characterization consisted of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tension strength, Young’s modulus, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The degradation in a simulated body fluid (FBS) demonstrated that all the formulations lost between 75% and 80% of their weight after 15 days of treatment, but the degradation decreased with the ox-CNO content. In vivo tests after 90 days of subdermal implantation of the nanocomposite films in Wistar rats’ tissue demonstrated good biocompatibility without allergenic reactions or pus formation. There was a good correlation between FBS hydrolytic degradation and degradation in vivo for all the samples, since the ox-CNO content increased the stability of the material. All these results indicate the potential of the CS/PVA/ox-CNO nanocomposite films in tissue engineering, especially for long-term applications.
Highlights
Designed scaffolds should be biocompatible and biodegradable, capable of producing an extracellular matrix (ECM) by supporting the cell’s adhesion and proliferation
There is a lack of information on 3their of 24 scaffolds animal characterization including the physical, chemical, and mechanical evaluation of nanocomposite films based on CS/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/ox-Carbon nano-onions (CNOs), together with biological tests in vitro and in vivo
1640–1660 cm−1 related to adsorbed water were observed for pristine carbon carbon nano-onions nano-onions (p-CNOs)
Summary
Designed scaffolds should be biocompatible and biodegradable, capable of producing an extracellular matrix (ECM) by supporting the cell’s adhesion and proliferation They should have porosity to promote nutrient transportation, and their mechanical properties should be similar to native tissue [1,2,3]. Very few studies were carried out to determine the cytotoxicity of CNOs. Very few studies were carried out to determine the cytotoxicity of CNOs They were even used for the treatment of cancer [76]; many more studies are still required to show whether they are toxic or if, on the contrary, they promote cell adhesion and proliferation, while facilitating the recognition and permanence of scaffolds in animal tissues without immune responses [77]. There is a lack of information on 3their of 24 scaffolds animal characterization including the physical, chemical, and mechanical evaluation of nanocomposite films based on CS/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/ox-CNO, together with biological tests in vitro and in vivo.
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