Abstract
Quantum computation promises an exponential speedup of certain classes of classical calculations through the preparation and manipulation of entangled quantum states. So far most molecular simulations on quantum computers, however, have been limited to small numbers of particles. Here we prepare a highly entangled state on a 53-qubit IBM quantum computer, representing 53 particles, which reveals the formation of an exciton condensate of photon particles and holes. While elusive for more than 50 years, such condensates were recently achieved for electron-hole pairs in graphene bilayers and metal chalcogenides. Our result with a photon condensate has the potential to further the exploration of this new form of condensate that may play a significant role in realizing efficient room-temperature energy transport.
Highlights
Exciton condensation is defined by the condensation of particle-hole pairs into a single quantum state to create a superfluid
The maximal condensate character is observed for the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) “maximally entangled” state, indicating that a characteristic of this maximally entangled state is the entanglement of particlehole pairs
As transmon qubit quantum states [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] are experimentally constructed on the quantum devices employed, these exciton condensates corresponding to the GHZ state can be interpreted as exciton condensates of photons—the entanglement of photon-hole pairs
Summary
Exciton condensation is defined by the condensation of particle-hole pairs (excitons) into a single quantum state to create a superfluid. We establish through simulation that for any number of qubits, the GHZ state exhibits maximal character of exciton condensation, demonstrating that the “maximal entanglement” of the GHZ state—for all N—corresponds to the entanglement of particle-hole pairs. Through preparing and probing the GHZ states on quantum devices, character of exciton condensation is experimentally observed in systems composed of up to 53 qubits, decoherence in. As the GHZ state is prepared here on transmon qubits, the realization of exciton condensation on the experimental quantum devices of 3 to 53 qubits can be interpreted as the entanglement of photon-hole pairs, i.e., the experimental observation of exciton condensates of photons for systems of 3 to 53 qubits
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