Preparation, micro-structure and mechanical properties of porous carbonate apatite using chicken bone as raw material

Abstract

Introduction: The increasing in bone loss due to trauma disease or accident leads to the demand for bone substitute materials. Autograft is the gold standard for bone graft; however, it has limited supplies and additional surgery for harvesting. Therefore, the artificial bone graft is necessary for bone defect treatment. One of the potential candidates for bone repair and regeneration is porous Carbonate Apatite (CO3Ap) due to its excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. Understanding the importance of recycling of waste materials and by-products from the food industry such as poultry bone could be used as the alternative source for starting material. Thus, recycling and adding value for the food waste could be done with the development of artificial bone graft.
 Method: In this study, porous CO3Ap was prepared using bio apatite powder derived from chicken bone via the sacrificial template technique. Templates such as chopped cotton fibers were used to make porous CO3Ap with interconnecting pores. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize phase composition and structure. Carbonate content was evaluated using elemental analysis CHN (carbon hydrogen and nitrogen) analyzer.
 Results: The results indicated that a pure CO3Ap block consisting of elongating pores could be obtained. Mechanical strength was evaluated in terms of Diametral Tensile Strength (DTS). Porous CO3Ap had a mean DTS value of 198.5 +/- 12.9 kPa and an average porosity of approximately 70%.
 Conclusion: As a conclusion, CO3Ap containing 5.25 ± 0.03 % wt of carbonate with low crystallinity and the inter-connecting porous structure is advantageous on bone regeneration as being a useful material for application to repair the bone defect.