Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Rutin Nanocrystals as an Anticancer Agent against Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line

Sepideh Bohlouli,Maryam Kouhsoltani,Amir Imani,Solmaz Maleki Dizaj,Leila Roshangar,Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia,Simin Sharifi,Faezeh Jafarmadar Gharehbagh,Ghasem Ebrahimi,Donglu Shi

doi:10.1155/2021/9980451

Sepideh Bohlouli, Maryam Kouhsoltani + Show 8 more

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9980451

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Abstract

The reports show that rutin has good potentials as an anticancer agent; however, rutin has poor bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility. The present study was aimed at preparing and evaluating physicochemical properties as well as the anticancer activities of rutin nanocrystals (RNs). RNs were prepared via the ultrasonication method. The prepared nanocrystals then were physicochemically characterized by the conventional techniques. The cytotoxic effect of RNs and free rutin on the HN5 head and neck squamous carcinoma cell line was assessed. The HGF1-PI1 cells as normal oral cells were treated by RNs. Cells were also exposed to rutin and RNs to determine their effects on the expression of caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl-2, and Bax genes. The prepared RNs have a mean particle size of 75 ± 0.16 nm and quasispherical morphology. Rutin displayed no significant cytotoxic effect on HN5 cells to 2000 μM. However, RNs displayed a cytotoxic effect with IC50 of 30.51 μM and 27.34 μM in 24 and 48 h incubation times, respectively ( p < 0.05 ). RNs had cytotoxic effect 100 times more than rutin on HN5 cells. There was no significant cytotoxic effect on HGF1-PI1 treated by RNs in 24 and 48 h. The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA was significantly decreased in attendance of RNs compared to the control group ( p < 0.05 ). The increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was revealed within IC50 of RNs in 24 h. Our results confirm that the anticancer effect of RNs is significantly more than that of rutin. The activation of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway of RNs occurred via modulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. These results suggest that RNs may be useful in the development of a cancer therapy protocol.

Highlights

One of the subgroups of oral and or pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which ranks the 11th most common carcinoma in humans
The aim of this study was the preparation of rutin nanoparticles (RNs) with a view to improving its anticancer effect compared with rutin on the HN5 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line by revealing the mechanisms of the cytotoxic effect
The chemical composition of rutin nanocrystals (RNs) was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and it could be seen that there were no noticeable differences between the absorption bands of RNs and the bulk rutin in the whole area of absorption bands (Figure 2(d))

Summary

Introduction

One of the subgroups of oral and or pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which ranks the 11th most common carcinoma in humans It accounts for 94% of oral cancers and 2-3% of all cancers. The importance and efficiency of herbs for the treatment of tumors have currently attracted considerable attention worldwide [6,7,8,9,10]. In this regard, flavonoids can be considered as ubiquitous compounds of herbs. Flavonoids have anticancer potentials [14, 15]

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