Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to incorporate xanthone into Making (Hodgsonia heteroclita) microemulsions and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulations.Methods: Making oil was obtained from the seed of Hodgsonia heteroclite by a screw press machine. The solubility of xanthone in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants was investigated. Stable Making microemulsion and microemulsion-based gel were simultaneously loaded with xanthone. Finally, an in vitro xanthone release study was carried out and antioxidant activity was determined.Results: The optimal formulations of the Making microemulsion consisted of Making oil, capryol 90, tween 80, propylene glycol, and water. The average droplet size of xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion was around 110–130 nm. It was found that the stability of the xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion-based gel was higher than the xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion. Besides, the release of xanthone from the Making microemulsion-based gel was lower than that of the Making microemulsion. Moreover, it was found that the antioxidant activity of both xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion (TEAC and EC values of 9.8 mmol/mg and 14.8 mmol/mg, respectively) and microemulsion-based gel (TEAC and EC values of 9.4 mmol/mg and 18.5 mmol/mg, respectively) remained high even after extended storage conditions.Conclusion: It was concluded that Making oil is an attractive material to deliver xanthone in pharmaceutical applications.
Highlights
The extract from the fruit rind of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) which belongs to family Guttiferae, is popularly added in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products for various effects due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of the extract [1,2,3]
Transcutol is used in different kinds of pharmaceutical formulations due to its ability to effectively enhance the effect of skin penetration and its excellent solubilizing ability [12]
Making oil in combination with Capryol 90 was chosen in the oil phase by considering the desired solubility of xanthone
Summary
The extract from the fruit rind of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) which belongs to family Guttiferae, is popularly added in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products for various effects due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of the extract [1,2,3]. Applications of xanthone are still limited because of its poor aqueous solubility [8, 9]. Microemulsions are attractive drug delivery systems because of their advantage in increasing drug solubility and thermodynamical stability, in addition to ease of preparation [10, 11]. This transparent and stable nano-sized system is spontaneously formed when a certain amount of oil, water, surfactant, and co-surfactant are mixed. The low viscosity of microemulsions makes them inconvenient for topical application. Gelling of microemulsions using bioadhesive agents can increase the viscosity of this formulation as well as enhance the resident time on skin or mucous membranes
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