Preparation and Use of Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensors

Abstract

Since the decade of the 90s when the first works of professor Joseph Wang were published, screen-printed electrodes have been proposed for many objectives. In the first works in Brazil a few years later, some authors proposed electrochemical sensors using graphite from batteries, which provide great results for the determination of several analytes.1 In another interesting work, Professor Lucio Angnes (USP) and collaborators prepared gold electrodes from CD, which presented a thin film of the noble metal.2 They obtained an extremely low-cost electrochemical sensor. After that, this research line gained notoriety in Brazil, and the number of groups and papers has increased considerably. In this regard, we can highlight some researchers that have been working on low-cost and disposable electrochemical sensors, including Lauro Kubota (UNICAMP), Luiz Humberto Marcolino Junior (UFPR), Márcio Fernando Bergamini (UFPR), Ronaldo Censi Faria (UFSCar), Éder Cavalheiro (USP), Osvaldo Novais de Oliveira Junior (USP), Sergio Spínola (USP), Murilo Santiago (CNPEM), Renato Souza Lima (CNPEM), Orlando Fatibello Filho (UFSCar), Wendell Coltro (USP), William Reis (UNICAMP), and Thiago Paixão (USP). The laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine, and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano) located at UFSCar Araras has also developed low-cost sensors using recyclable materials and conductive inks with simple preparation. Low-cost electrodes can be prepared with infinite possibilities by using different substrates, such as circuit boards,3 acetate sheets,4 and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from bottles5 as well as paper6. In the last example, various types of papers have been applied in this area, including cardboard,7 waterproof,6 and adhesives8. Therefore, materials that we use daily can become important devices with great applications. There are many options to produce low-cost electrochemical sensors, including pencil drawing, stencil, laser scribing, and screen-printing techniques.9 The strategy depends on the subject and the materials that have been deposited to be used as conductors. In this context, the screen-printing technique is come from the t-shirt preparation and is an excellent alternative to produce hundreds of sensors in a few minutes. They can be applied by using different electrochemical techniques, such as potentiometry, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For this purpose, low-cost inks, which are made of a polymer and a conductive material, are necessary. Conductive inks can be prepared with water based-polymers,10 nail polish,11 and traditional polymers based on organic solvents12. Otherwise, graphite carbon nanotubes and/or graphene and carbon dots have been used as conductive carbon-based materials.13 Also, metallic nanoparticles such as copper, platinum, and gold can be great alternatives for this intention but can be quite costly.