Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate anti-nail-biting lacquers consisting of bitter herbal extracts. The hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora crispa were determined for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory activities, and cytotoxicities. Anti-nail-biting lacquers were prepared by using herbal extracts (bittering agent), shellac (film forming polymer), ethanol (volatile solvent), and other indispensable additives with continuous stirring. Thus, attempts to enhance the film property and bitterness are accomplished by using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as a copolymer and varying concentrations of herbal extracts. Good accepted formulations were established for drying time, pH, viscosity, smoothness of film, film strength, water resistant, and solubility in simulated saliva and evaluated their bitterness in human volunteers. The results revealed that phytochemical constituents including tannins, glycosides, reducing sugars, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids were found present in both extracts while saponins were only detected in A. paniculata extract. Although T. crispa extract exhibited a significantly higher (p<0.05) total phenolic content and antioxidant activity than A. paniculata extract, it showed lower protein denaturation inhibition property than A. paniculata extract. Because of the potentials of both extracts without cytotoxicity, anti-nail-biting lacquers containing either A. paniculata extract or T. crispa extract were developed and evaluated. Drying time of formulations was 6-11 min with visually seen glossiness of formulation. Formulations of the nail lacquer showed good pH, viscosity, smoothness of film, film strength, water resistant, and solubility in simulated saliva. The formulations displaying no significant cytotoxicity effect on CRL-2076 cells were assessed on healthy human volunteers to compare bitterness and film characteristics. The results revealed that the optimized formulation containing A. paniculata extract could successfully achieve good film forming property and bitterness release which is considered promising for stopping nail biting.
Highlights
Onychophagia means putting one or several fingers in the mouth and biting on nail with teeth
Saponins were found in A. paniculata extract but absent in T. crispa extract
The results revealed that T. crispa extract with SC50 value of 116:15 ± 2:40 μg/ml and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 15:03 ± 1:87 μg AAE/g extract showed significantly stronger (p < 0:05) antioxidant activity than A. paniculata extract with SC50 value of 276:15 ± 16:70 μg/ml and FRAP value of 4:05 ± 0:35 μg AAE/g extract, while ascorbic acid exhibited DPPH scavenging activity with SC50 value of 4:30 ± 0:06 μg/ml
Summary
Onychophagia (nail biting) means putting one or several fingers in the mouth and biting on nail with teeth It is a chronic behavioral disorder in children and adults that commonly cooccur with thumb and finger sucking [1]. There are several approaches to cease from nail biting and finger sucking, such as painting a bitter tasting lacquer containing denatonium benzoate and sucrose octa-acetate onto the nails [2] and utilizing a nonremovable reminder, e.g., wristband, finger guard, and glove [6]. International Journal of Polymer Science nail lacquers containing denatonium benzoate or sucrose octa-acetate for utilize as nail-biting and thumb-sucking deterrents cannot be generally recognized as safe and effective because there is lack of information acquired from adequate and well-controlled, double-blind studies [7]. The study indicated that the bitter nail lacquer was a potential alternative to prevent the nail-biting habit due to its long-lasting efficacy of coatings, patient compliance, and success with treatment
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