Abstract
Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is widely used sorbent material for wastewater treatment. Three natural cellulosic fibres (kapok, cotton, and ramie) and three regenerated cellulosic fibres (bamboo fiber, viscose, and lyocell) are used to prepare ACFs using chemical activation. These ACFs are characterized using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) testing, elemental analysis, adsorption property and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. XRD and FTIR spectrum of all six cellulosic ACFs are almost similar showing that ACFs have almost same chemical and physical composition. All cellulosic ACFs are constituted of C, H, ash and O, but C content is higher in natural cellulosic fibres. Surface morphology and surface area of cellulosic ACFs play the basic role in adsorption. The 2nd order pseudo kinetic model is fitted for all cellulosic ACFs as R2 > 0.99 and adsorption controlling process is chemical sorption. The adsorption capacity of the kapok-based ACFs is best, owing to their hollow structure, the micropores on surface and high specific surface area. Bamboo, ramie and cotton based ACFs also have high adsorption but they need more time to adsorb impurities than kapok based ACFs. Viscose based ACFs shows moderate adsorption, while the least adsorption is shown by the lyocell based ACFs because of their smooth and uniform structure. Adsorption analysis and other properties evaluation show that kapok fiber is the best precursor than other five cellulosic fibres.
Highlights
Toxic waste water is becoming acute problem to the ecological system due to expansion in the industrialization and with the awareness; steps are taken to remove toxic elements from waste water before its discharge (Vargas et al 2011; Shrestha et al 2013; Gupta and Suhas 2009; Dastgheib et al 2004; Du et al 2013)
The activated carbon fibres prepared from six cellulose sources and these Activated carbon fiber (ACF) are stabilized during preoxidation
Since viscose and bamboo ACFs (002) diffraction peaks appear at a slightly higher angle than others, and it is due to the fact that preparation of cellulosic regenerated ACFs cause the carbon reduction and eventually higher organized structure
Summary
Toxic waste water is becoming acute problem to the ecological system due to expansion in the industrialization and with the awareness; steps are taken to remove toxic elements from waste water before its discharge (Vargas et al 2011; Shrestha et al 2013; Gupta and Suhas 2009; Dastgheib et al 2004; Du et al 2013). Keywords Cellulose-based ACFs Á Chemical activation Á Adsorption Á Absorption kinetics Á Specific surface area In this paper used six cellulosic kapok, viscose, ramie, cotton, bamboo, tencel to make activated carbon fibres using chemical activation approach.
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