Abstract
A novel antibacterial glass-ionomer cement has been developed. Compressive strength (CS) and S. mutans viability were used to evaluate the mechanical strength and antibacterial activity of the formed cement. Compressive yield strength (YS), modulus (M), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and flexural strength (FS) were also determined. All the formulated antibacterial cements showed a significant antibacterial activity, accompanying with an initial CS reduction. The effect of the synthesized antibacterial polymer loading was significant. Increasing loading from 1% to 20% significantly decreased the S. mutans viability from 3% to 50% and also reduced the initial CS (325 MPa) of the formed cements from 19% to 75%. The cement with 5% antibacterial polymer loading showed 142 MPa, 6.9 GPa, 224 MPa, 52 MPa, and 62 MPa in YS, M, CS, DTS and FS, respectively, as compared to 170, 7.1, 325, 60 and 87 for the experimental cement without antibacterial polymer addition and 141, 6.9, 236, 42 and 53 for Fuji II LC. It was also found that the chlorine-containing antibacterial cement showed better CS values than the bromine-containing cement, with no significant difference in antibacterial activity. The antibacterial cement also showed a similar antibacterial activity to Streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The human saliva did not affect the antibacterial activity of the cement. The thirty-day aging study indicates that the cements may have a long-lasting antibacterial function.
Highlights
Secondary caries is found to be the main reason for the restoration failure of dental restoratives including resin composites and glass-ionomer cements [1,2,3,4]
The human saliva did not affect the antibacterial activity of the cement
Considering the feasibility of glass-ionomer cements (GICs) applied in dental clinics, the Compressive strength (CS) value below 200 MPa may not be well acceptable because the CS values of most commercially available light-cured GICs are in the range of 180 to 240 MPa [5,35]
Summary
Secondary caries is found to be the main reason for the restoration failure of dental restoratives including resin composites and glass-ionomer cements [1,2,3,4]. Materials containing quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) or phosphonium salt groups have been studied extensively as an important antimicrobial material and used for a variety of applications due to their potent antimicrobial activities [10,11,12,13,14]. These materials are found to be capable of reducing the number of bacteria that are resistant to other types of cationic antibacterials [15]. The examples of the QAS-containing materials as antibacterials for dental restoratives include incorporation of a methacryloyloxydodecyl pyridinium bromide as an antibacterial monomer into resin composites [12], use of methacryloxylethyl cetyl ammonium chloride as a com-
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