Abstract
Spinel LiMn2O4 is an appealing candidate cathode material for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, but it suffers from severe capacity fading, especially at higher temperature (55 °C) during discharging/charging. In recent years, many attempts have been made to synthesize modified LiMn2O4. This paper reviews the recent research on the preparation and doping modes of doped LiMn2O4 for modifying the LiMn2O4. We firstly compared preparation methods for doped spinel LiMn2O4, such as solid state reactions and solution synthetic methods. Then we mainly discuss doping modes reported in recent years, such as bulk doping, surface doping and combined doping. A comparison of different doping modes is also provided. The research shows that the multiple-ion doping and combined doping modes of LiMn2O4 used in Li-ion battery are excellent for improving different aspects of the electrochemical performance which holds great promise in the future. From this paper, we also can see that spinel LiMnO4 as an attractive candidate cathode material for Li-ion batteries.
Highlights
Li-ion batteries are the most suitable power supplies for many portable electronic devices, such as cellular phones, digital cameras and notebooks, because of their high energy and power density [1,2].LiMn2O4 spinel is an attractive candidate cathode material for Li-ion rechargeable batteries with a three-dimensional framework because it has many advantages, such as low toxicity, cost efficiency, environmental friendliness compared to other lithiated transition metal oxides, such as lithium cobalt oxide or lithium nickel oxide [3,4,5]
Several attempts have been made for synthesizing modified LiMn2O4 doped with various elements to inhibit capacity fading and improve the electrochemical performance
Solution synthetic methods are another kind of widely used method that can overcome the disadvantages of solid state reactions
Summary
Li-ion batteries are the most suitable power supplies for many portable electronic devices, such as cellular phones, digital cameras and notebooks, because of their high energy and power density [1,2]. It consists of a cubic close-packing arrangement of oxygen ions at the 32e sites, the Li ions at the tetrahedral 8a sites, and the Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions at the octahedral 16d sites. The disadvantage is that spinel LiMn2O4 suffers from severe capacity fading, especially at higher temperature (55 °C) during discharging/charging. This limits its cycle ability and does not allow its commercialization [7]. The doping method shows better electrochemical performance for it can weaken the Jahn-Teller effect and improve the stability of the structure. We discuss bulk doping, surface doping and combined doping, and provide comparisons of the different doping modes
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