Preparation and characterization of pseudocubic hematite particles by utilizing polyethylene amine nonionic surfactants in forced hydrolysis reaction

Abstract

The shape and porosity of hematite particles, produced from a forced hydrolysis reaction of acidic FeCl3 solution, were controlled by using polyethylene amine nonionic surfactants (Surfonamine®; 0∼10 wt.%). Surfonamine® possesses a nominal formula of CH3-(PEO)x-(PPO)y-NH2. Surfonamine with the highest total amine content (PEO contents were over 76 mol%, L-100) gave spherical particles, but those with lower total amine contents (L-200, L-207 and L-300) produced pseudocubic hematite particles. The pH value of the system with 10 wt.% of L-100 rose up to 8.49. With this pH rise, the diameter of the spherical particles was dramatically decreased. This fast particle formation was explained by the aggregation of very fine 6-line ferrihydrite particles produced at their high pH conditions. The uniformity of pseudocubic hematite particles produced with L-200, L-207 and L-300 were improved by increasing their concentrations. Since the pH values of these systems before aging were controlled between 2.03 and 2.35, it was presumed that the Surfonamine molecules acts as a buffer agent and attained pseudocubic particles. From the calculation of crystallite size, all the pseudocubic hematite particles were regarded as a polycrystal as well as the large spherical hematite particles produced without Surfonamine (control system). This polycrystallinity of the particles provided evidence that the particles are grown by aggregation of polynuclear (PN) primary particles. Not only the morphology but also the pore size of hematite particles was controlled from nonporous to microporous by using Surfonamines. The N2 adsorption experiment and t-plot curve analysis revealed that the pseudocubic hematite particles have uniform micropores. The XRD, transmission electron microscope, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and total organic carbon analysis measurements employed on the systems produced for pseudocubic particles elucidated that the pseudocubic crystal habit was formed by the specific adsorption of chloride ions and/or chloroferric complexes to the {012} faces, restraining the growth process through stacking of ultrafine PN particles in the direction of normal to the {012} faces but strictly restricting the growth and mutual fusion of PN ones. The uniform micropores could be produced between the PN particles. The uniform pseudocubic particles were found to be an effective photocatalytic material than the spherical particles due to their large size with uniform flat crystal faces.