Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria may result in serious infections which are difficult to treat. In addition, the poor antibiotic pipeline has contributed to the crisis. Recently, a complex of furosemide and silver (Ag-FSE) has been reported as a potential antibacterial agent. However, its poor aqueous solubility is limiting its activity. The purpose of this study was to encapsulate Ag-FSE into chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and evaluate antibacterial efficacy. Ag-FSE CSNPs were prepared using an ionic gelation technique. The particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of Ag-FSE CSNPs were 197.1 ± 3.88 nm 0.234 ± 0.018 and 36.7 ± 1.78 mV, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency was 66.72 ± 4.14%. In vitro antibacterial activity results showed that there was 3- and 6-fold enhanced activity with Ag-FSE CSNPs against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Results also confirmed that Ag-FSE CSNPs showed ~44% release within 4 h at pH 5.5 and 6.5. Moreover, release from the CSNPs was sustained with a cumulative release of ~75% over a period of 24 h. In conclusion, encapsulation of Ag-FSE into CSNPs resulted in significant improvement of antibacterial efficacy with a sustained and pH-sensitive release. Therefore, Ag-FSE CSNPs can be considered as a potential novel antibacterial agent against bacterial infections.
Highlights
In today’s world, the treatment of infectious diseases is a challenging problem to solve due to the combination of microbial resistance and emerging infections
Muller-Hinton broth (CM0405) was obtained from Oxoid Microbiology Products, bacterial strains were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), and sterile microtiter plates were procured from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA)
Results show that Ag-FSE showed a sharp exothermic peak
Summary
In today’s world, the treatment of infectious diseases is a challenging problem to solve due to the combination of microbial resistance and emerging infections. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria resulted in 2 million infectious diseases in the US annually and nearly 23,000 deaths [1]. One of the first lines of treatment for bacterial infections is antibiotic therapy which has saved millions of lives and treated numerous infectious diseases [2]. Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria may result in serious infections or lead to prolonged symptoms which are difficult to treat. Insufficient dosing results in bacteria gaining antibiotic resistance through natural selection and mutations [3]. The poor antibiotic pharmaceutical pipeline development has contributed to the current crisis [4].
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