Abstract
Pectin was first dissolved in distilled water and blended with low contents of polyethylene oxide 2000 (PEO2000) as the carrier polymer to produce electrospun fibers. The electrospinning of the water solution of pectin at 9.5 wt% containing 0.5 wt% PEO2000 was selected as it successfully resulted in continuous and non-defected ultrathin fibers with the highest pectin content. However, annealing of the resultant pectin-based fibers, tested at different conditions, developed films with low mechanical integrity, high porosity, and also dark color due to their poor thermal stability. Then, to improve the film-forming process of the electrospun mats, two plasticizers, namely glycerol and polyethylene glycol 900 (PEG900), were added to the selected pectin solution in the 2–3 wt% range. The optimal annealing conditions were found at 150 °C with a pressure of 12 kN load for 1 min when applied to the electrospun pectin mats containing 5 wt% PEO2000 and 30 wt% glycerol and washed previously with dichloromethane. This process led to completely homogenous films with low porosity and high transparency due to a phenomenon of fibers coalescence. Finally, the selected electrospun pectin-based film was applied as an interlayer between two external layers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by the electrospinning coating technology and the whole structure was annealed to produce a fully bio-based and biodegradable multilayer film with enhanced barrier performance to water vapor and limonene.
Highlights
Pectin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, which is found in the middle lamella of cell wall, primary cell walls, and plasma membrane of plants [1,2]
A solution of pure pectin was initially tested but, instead of continuous jets, it formed large droplets when subjected to high voltages during electrospinning due to the limited viscoelasticity and insufficient chain entanglements of the carbohydrate [37,38,39]
polyethylene oxide 2000 (PEO2000) from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% were added to the pectin solutions for electrospinning, the here so-called
Summary
Pectin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, which is found in the middle lamella of cell wall, primary cell walls, and plasma membrane of plants [1,2]. It is commercially produced by the industrial waste of apple pomace, citrus peel, and sugar beet pulp [3]. Depending on the side chains, pectin domains are named differently such as homogalacturonan (HGA), Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 5136 rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), and xylogalacturonan (XGA) [5,6]. HGA units are habitually referred as ‘smooth’ regions of pectin and it comprises galacturonic acid groups whereas other units are called ‘hairy’ regions [4,7]
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