Preparation and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose-Carbon Dot Hybrid Nanopaper for Potential Sensing Applications

Sakeena Quraishi,Sven Plappert,Philip Taupe,Bernhard Ungerer,Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter,Falk Liebner

doi:10.3390/app9010107

Abstract

Green and facile approaches aiming at the manufacture of biocompatible paper-based optical sensors reporting the presence of photoluminescence (PL) modulating compounds is an emerging field of research. This study investigates the preparation of bacterial cellulose nanopaper containing covalently immobilized carbon dots for potential biosensing applications. Preliminary work of this feasibility study included TEMPO-mediated ((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl-mediated) oxidation and nanofibrillation of bacterial cellulose (TOBC) on the one hand as well as synthesis and comparative analysis of different types of carbon dots (CDs) on the other hand. The two source materials of the targeted functional nanopaper were finally linked to each other by two different N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/ N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling approaches to clarify whether grafting of CDs prior to or after TOBC paper formation would be the method of choice. Synthesis of the carbon nanodots was accomplished by microwave-assisted co-hydrothermolysis of appropriate precursor compounds. After isolation and purification by dialysis particles in the single-digit nanometer-range were obtained and characterized with regard to their photoluminescence properties in terms of emission wavelength, pH stability, and quantum yield. All types of synthesized CDs reached their PL maxima (450–480 nm; light blue) in a narrow excitation wavelength range of 340–360 nm. Variation of molar (C/N) ratio of the CD precursors and substitution of the nitrogen donor EDEA by urea increased PL and quantum yield (QY), respectively. The highest relative QY of nearly 32% was obtained for CDs synthesized from citric acid and urea. PL of all CDs was virtually insensitive to pH changes in the range of 4–10. Tensile testing of hybrid nanopaper prepared after EDC/NHS-mediated grafting of GEA-type CDs onto TOBC (0.52 mmol·g−1 COOH) in dispersion state revealed that both stiffness and strength are not compromised by incorporation of carbon dots, while plastic deformation and elongation at break increased slightly compared to nanopaper formed prior to decoration with CDs. Water contact angle of the nanopaper is unaffected by introduction of carbon dots which is supposedly due to the presence of surface amino- and amide groups compensating for the loss of carboxyl groups by grafting.

Highlights

Since the turn of the millennium, a multitude of advanced cellulosic materials has been developed.Their intriguing properties including transparence, low oxygen transmission, high mechanical strength, large specific surface, or tailor-made surface chemical and physical properties [1,2,3] literally invite use in both established and novel applications
In an attempt to develop a fully bio-based optical sensing system applicable in form of dipsticks or wound dressings circumventing the use of heavy metal or rare earth element based PL nanoparticles, this study investigated the preparation and properties of TEMPO-mediated oxidation of BC in near-neutral medium (TOBC) paper matrices covalently equipped with different types of carbon nanodots (CD) obtained from natural materials, such as glycerol, citric acid or lemon juice
In a first step different types of carbon dots were synthesized by microwave-assisted co-hydrothermolysis of appropriate precursor compounds in buffered aqueous solution

Summary

Introduction

Since the turn of the millennium, a multitude of advanced cellulosic materials has been developed.Their intriguing properties including transparence, low oxygen transmission, high mechanical strength, large specific surface, or tailor-made surface chemical and physical properties [1,2,3] literally invite use in both established and novel applications. Diagnostic or theranostic devices in human medicine typically rely on sensitive biosensors and event-triggered controlled release of active compounds This is the case for intelligent wound dressings capable of assessing critical protease concentrations in chronic wounds, for example [4,5]. Native bacterial cellulose (BC)—an extracellular product of the metabolism of various bacteria—is an ideal material in this respect owing to its inherent purity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical characteristics [6]. These properties are the result of the particular BC nanomorphology, surface chemistry and high cellulose I crystallinity, all virtually unaffected by any harsh chemical or mechanical isolation techniques as common for wood pulp cellulose [6]. While never-dried, sterilized, and uncompressed bacterial cellulose sheets have long been commercially available for medical and cosmetic purposes [7], translucent or even transparent bacterial cellulose sheets (wound dressings) or opaque nanopaper (dipsticks) for bio-sensing applications is an emerging field of material research, such as for luminescence resonance energy transfer based nucleic acid hybridization assays [8]

Methods

Results

Conclusion