Abstract
Presently, most nanofiltration membranes are prepared with non-biodegradable petrochemical materials. This process is harmful to the ecosystem and consumes a large amount of non-renewable energy. In this study, biodegradable and biocompatible antibacterial cellulose/chitosan nanofiltration membranes (BC/CS-NFMs) were fabricated and characterized for their mechanical strength, antimicrobial activity, salt and dye filtration performance, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) retention using Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The BC/CS-NFMs were obtained by the hydrolysis and carboxymethylation of dense cellulose/chitosan membranes (BC/CSMs). The tensile strength of the BC/CS-NFMs decreased as the chitosan content increased. In addition, the thermal stability and antibacterial ability of the BC/CS-NFMs improved. The pore size is less than 1 nm, and a spongy, layered structure is observed in the cross-sectional FE-SEM images. FT-IR analysis shows that a part of the hydroxyl in cellulose transforms to carboxymethyl during the hydrolysis and carboxymethylation of the BC/CSMs. No obvious changes can be observed in the cellulose and chitosan after the blend membrane formation from the XRD measurements. Based on the experimental results on the permeation and rejection of BC/CS-NFMs, different proportions of cellulose and chitosan nanofiltration membranes almost did not affect the water flux and rejection rate. The BC/CS-NFMs showed better water flux and a higher rejection rate in aqueous dye-salt solutions.
Highlights
Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure-driven and low energy consumption membrane separation technology that has been significantly developed in the last decade [1]
The tensile strength of the blend nanofiltration membranes decreased as the chitosan content increased, which suggests that the tensile strength of the blend nanofiltration membranes is dominated by cellulose
Bamboo cellulose (BC)/CS-NFMs were successfully prepared from cellulose and chitosan using NMMO
Summary
Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure-driven and low energy consumption membrane separation technology that has been significantly developed in the last decade [1]. Due to its ability to separate low-molecular-weight organic species and metal ions, it has become an important separation and purification technique in the water and gas industries, wastewater reclamation, separation of substances, drinking water purification, sea water desalination, industrial fluids treatment, and so on [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Most nanofiltration membranes are prepared with non-biodegradable petrochemical materials; polyethersulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are mostly sold as microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes, and they usually require further modifications to behave like NF membranes. Polysulfone nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes are fabricated through a UV-photografting process in their outer surface [11]. Prepared PVDF nanofiltration membranes were fabricated through an interfacial polymerization. The membranes were prepared on the support of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes with piperazine (PIP) as the aqueous monomer and trimesoylchloride (TMC) as the organic monomer [12]
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